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Battle of the Strait of Gibraltar (1590)
The First Battle of the Strait of Gibraltar was a naval engagement that took place on 24 April 1590 during the Anglo-Spanish War. Ten English armed merchant vessels of the Levant Company were met and intercepted by twelve Spanish galleys under Pedro de Acuña in the service of Spain in the region of the Gibraltar Straits. English sources claim that the English were able to repel the galleys inflicting heavy losses after a six-hour fight,〔〔Kerr p. 396-399〕 while Spanish sources show the battle as indecisive.〔''The attempt was repeated in May 1590, leaving the harbor D. Pedro de Acuña with 12 galleys, taking no prey, though he shelled over the ships that were heading west''. Fernández Duro, Cesáreo: ''Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de Aragón''. Vol. III. Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, (p. 77 ).〕
== Background ==
The Levant company had been trading in the Mediterranean since 1580 after a successful petition to Queen Elizabeth I. They had established "factories" in Aleppo and Constantinople, Alexandria and Smyrna. The war with Spain in 1585 had started and as a result the company armed their ships as part of an investment by the English crown and sailed in convoy for their mutual protection. This proved successful as in July 1586 off Pantelleria island, five ships of the company managed to repel eleven Spanish galleys. After this victory the company's military strategy remained from that day.〔Kingston p.81-82〕
In mid April 1590 ten ships of the company, some freighted for Venice, for Constantinople and to other parts of the Mediterranean met on their homeward course within the Straits of Gibraltar having escaped all danger thus far. As soon as they were all together they came into a tight convoy formation as they approached the Spanish-held waters. Two Flemish ships on their way back from the Mediterranean also joined them in convoy, partly for protection against pirates. The lead ship ''Salomon'' whose captain Benedict Barnham was in charge followed by second in command John Watts of the ''Margeret and John'', followed with the rest; Thomas Cordell's ''Centurion'', ''Minion'', ''Viloet'', ''Samual'', ''Elizabeth'', ''Ascension'' and finally the ''Richard''.〔〔Rodger p.231〕
On 24 April as they approached the Straits of Gibraltar twelve tall galleys were seen and soon the ships under orders from Barnham were told to prepare hastily for action. English sources assert that the galleys were under the command of Andrea Doria's great-nephew Giovanni Andrea Doria.,〔〔 while Spanish official data show that the actual commander of the Spanish squadron was don Pedro de Acuña, although they acknowledge a previous unsuccessful attempt of Doria against an English convoy.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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